Eye Diseases | 3 Common Eye Conditions

Eye doctors, examine patients for a wide variety of possible eye conditions, and diseases. These can range from the extremely rare, to those more commonly observed. In this video let’s examine some of the most common eye diseases, such as cataracts, macular degeneration, and glaucoma.

Cataracts
Cataracts, is an eye condition commonly found in adults 40 years of age or older, impacting approximately 20% of this demographic. This particular eye condition, is usually expressed by the clouding of the natural crystalline lens within the eye. The phenomenon is basically caused by the aging of the protein content in the lens. Some of the symptoms related to cataracts may include sensitivity to light, experiencing blurry or cloudy vision, and increased difficulty seeing at night.

Cataracts can develop due to:
a genetic predisposition.
physical eye injury or trauma.
or due to certain medical disorders such as diabetes.

Depending on the severity of individual cases a person can opt to traet the condition through.
The use if corrective lenses.
special eye drops, to help remove any protein build up on the eye’s natural lens.
or undergo a surgical procedure, to replace the cloudy natural lens, with a clear artificial lens.

Another common disease is, Macular Degeneration.
This eye condition, is defined as the deterioration of the retina, and is the leading cause of vision loss. An individual, with this eye condition, may experience, blurry vision, and loss of the central, or peripheral vision.

Little is understood, or known about the causes behind this disorder, however, the most important risk factors seem to be:
age related.
race.
genetics.
and smoking.

Although there are currently no treatments available, for macular degeneration, a person can decrease risk by:
following a healthy diet.
exercising.
and not smoking.

The last disease we will discuss is Glaucoma.
Glaucoma is a disease that directly damages the optic nerve. Eye pressure build up, within the eye, is the most common offender in causing the damage.

This eye condition, is very serious, and can cause the loss of:
peripheral vision.
tunnel vision.
deterioration of the central vision.
or even complete blindness.

However, if the condition is diagnosed in time, there are several common treatments that are available, including.
eye drops.
pills.
and surgery.
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What is Thyroid Eye Disease? Thyroid Eye Disease is a rare disease in which progressive inflammation damages muscle, fat, and connective tissues around the eyes.

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Medical disclaimer: Knowledge Diffusion Inc (DBA Osmosis) does not provide medical advice. Osmosis and the content available on Osmosis’s properties (Osmosis.org, YouTube, and other channels) do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed health care provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.
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Read the article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34393-9

Garg et al. “Evaluating polymicrobial immune responses in patients suffering from tick-borne diseases.” Scientific Reports (2018). doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-34393-9

Video produced by https://www.researchsquare.com

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An overview of the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, including discussion on the classification, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and prognosis.

Website of the Ehler-Danlos Society: https://www.ehlers-danlos.com/what-is-eds/

Channel of Izzy Kornblau, a prolific YouTuber with EDS (great information from a patient’s perspective): https://www.youtube.com/c/IzzyKornblau/videos

The 2017 International Classification of the Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (includes full diagnostic criteria): https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajmg.c.31552

The existence of an association between EDS, dysautonomia (esp. POTS), and mast cell activation syndrome has been recently proposed. Its existence is controversial. Unfortunately, most of the relevant scientific literature is behind a paywell, but here are a few papers which are not:

Paper on the possible connection between dysautonomia and EDS: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajmg.c.31951

Paper on the possible connection between mast cell disorders and EDS: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajmg.c.31555

And a page from the Ehlers-Danlos society on mast cell disorders and how they might be associated with EDS: https://www.ehlers-danlos.com/2017-eds-classification-non-experts/mast-cell-disorders-ehlers-danlos-syndrome-2/

#EDS #Ehlers-Danlos
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(USMLE topics) Pathophysiology of HDN, Signs and Symptoms, Prevention and Treatment options.
This video is available for instant download licensing here: https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/all-animations/heart-and-blood-circulation-videos/-/medias/3c52a09d-6812-4cf2-a9c4-98041f83f74d-hemolytic-disease-of-the-newborn-narrated-animation
©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved.
Voice by Ashley Fleming

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All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn, HDN, is a condition in which red blood cells of a newborn infant, or a perinatal fetus, are destroyed prematurely, resulting in anemia. HDN occurs when the blood types of the mother and baby are incompatible. A blood type refers to the presence or absence of a certain antigen, on the surface of a person’s red blood cells. Incompatibility happens when the baby has an antigen that the mother does not have. The mother’s immune system interprets the antigen as “foreign” and produces antibodies to target the cells carrying it for destruction.
While in principle HDN may occur with mismatch in any blood group, severe cases most commonly involve D-antigen of the Rh system. Specifically, HDN may develop if an Rh-negative mother, having no D-antigen, carries an Rh-positive fetus, with D-antigen. The first mismatch pregnancy, however, is usually not at risk. This is because the placenta normally does a good job separating the mother’s blood from the fetal blood, preventing the fetal red blood cells from being exposed to the mother’s immune system. However, at birth, or if a miscarriage or abortion occurs, the tearing of the placenta exposes fetal blood to the mother, who then responds by producing anti-D antibodies. Because antibody production takes some time, it does not affect the first baby; but if the mother is again pregnant with another Rh-positive fetus, her antibodies, being small enough to cross the placenta, can now cause hemolysis.
The first mismatch pregnancy may be at risk if the mother has previously been exposed to the antigen in other ways, such as through blood transfusion or sharing needles, or if the placental barrier is breached because of trauma, or medical procedures early in the pregnancy.
Anemia can cause heart failure, respiratory distress, and edema. Infants born with HDN also develop jaundice due to the accumulation of bilirubin, a yellow product of hemoglobin breakdown. Because red blood cells are destroyed rapidly and infants are unable to excrete bilirubin effectively, its levels rise quickly within 24h of birth. Bilirubin is toxic for brain tissues and may cause irreversible brain damage in a condition known as kernicterus. Other signs of HDN include enlarged liver, spleen, and presence of immature red blood cells, erythroblasts, in the blood. Some of these signs can be detected before birth, with ultrasound imaging.
HDN that involves D-antigen can now be effectively prevented with anti-D antibody. It is given to Rh-negative mothers during and soon after the first mismatch pregnancy. The antibody binds to fetal blood cells that leak into the mother’s blood, either destroying them, or hiding them from the mother’s immune system, thus preempting the mother’s immune response.
Infants born with HDN are usually treated with intravenous fluid, and phototherapy, a procedure in which a certain spectrum of light is used to convert bilirubin to a form that is easier for the infant to excrete.
Severe anemia may be treated with:
– blood transfusion,
– intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy, which works by blocking the destruction of antibody-coated red blood cells.
– and exchange transfusion, where the baby’s blood is essentially replaced with Rh-negative donor blood. This procedure is very effective at removing bilirubin and reducing the destructive effect of the mother’s antibody, but may have adverse effects.
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(USMLE topics, cardiology) Life and death of erythrocytes, anemia and polycythemia. This video is available for instant download licensing here: https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/all-animations/heart-and-blood-circulation-videos/-/medias/5519909f-97f9-44f6-a806-0c87af9addb7-red-blood-cell-disorders-narrated-animation
©Alila Medical Media. All rights reserved.
Voice by Ashley Fleming
Support us on Patreon and gain early access to our videos and FREE images downloads: patreon.com/AlilaMedicalMedia
All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Production of red blood cells occurs in the red bone marrow, and is stimulated by erythropoietin, EPO. EPO is secreted predominantly by the kidneys. The kidneys sense oxygen levels in the blood and adjust EPO secretion accordingly to the body’s needs.
Red cells live about 100 to 120 days. With age, the cells lose their elasticity. Without protein synthesis, they are unable to repair themselves. Worn-out red cells are detected in the spleen, which serves as a quality control center. The spleen has a network of very narrow channels which test the agility of erythrocytes. Healthy cells can bend and fold to squeeze through, while old cells, being rigid and fragile, get stuck and are destroyed by macrophages. Parts of the dead cells are salvaged to make new cells. Part of the heme is secreted into bile and disposed in feces.
The number of red blood cells is strictly regulated and has important clinical significance. Common measurements include red blood cell count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration.
An imbalance between the rate of red cell production and death can result in their deficiency, known as anemia, or excess, known as polycythemia.
Anemia can be caused by blood loss, insufficient erythrocyte production, or their premature destruction.
Insufficient red cell production can result from:
+ deficiency of any of the nutrients that are required for their formation,
+ impaired kidney function, which leads to lower secretion of EPO,
+ or destruction of the bone marrow tissue responsible for red cell production. This can happen because of inherited mutations, autoimmune diseases, or exposure to chemicals, drugs or radiation; but causes are unknown for many cases. Reduced erythropoiesis is known as hypoplastic anemia, while complete cessation of red cell production is called aplastic anemia.
Inappropriate destruction of red blood cells, also called hemolytic anemia, can be inherited or acquired. The inherited forms are usually due to defects within red cells themselves, such as abnormalities in hemoglobin structure, while acquired hemolytic anemia can be caused by toxins, drugs, autoimmune diseases, infection, overactive spleen, or blood group mismatch.
Anemia results in low oxygen levels in the blood, known as hypoxemia. Mild anemia causes weakness and confusion, while severe anemia may lead to organ failure due to lack of oxygen and is life-threatening.
Excess red cell production, or polycythemia, can be primary or secondary. Primary polycythemia, or polycythemia vera, is a form of blood cancer, where the bone marrow produces too many blood cells. Secondary polycythemia, on the other hand, is a consequence of low oxygen state, which induces the kidneys to produce more erythropoietin, subsequently leading to more erythrocytes. Causes include smoking, air pollution, emphysema, living at high altitudes, and physical strenuous conditioning in athletes.
Excess red cells may increase blood volume, blood pressure, and viscosity. This augments the risks for blood clot formation, which may lead to heart attacks, strokes, and pulmonary embolism. The heart also has to work harder to manage larger amount of thicker blood and heart failures may result.

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This video takes a look at how infectious diseases are transmitted and a look at the different tools we have to control them. We take a quick look at how we can use behavior change, vaccines, surveillance, environmental changes, infection control and medication to control the spread of infectious diseases

This video was created by Ranil Appuhamy
Voiceover – James Clark

For more information about infectious diseases, have a look at these websites:

http://www.who.int/topics/infectious_diseases/en/
https://www.cdc.gov/diseasesconditions/
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/

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Disclaimer:
These videos are provided for educational purposes only. Users should not rely solely on the information contained within these videos and is not intended to be a substitute for advice from other relevant sources. The author/s do not warrant or represent that the information contained in the videos are accurate, current or complete and do not accept any legal liability or responsibility for any loss, damages, costs or expenses incurred by the use of, or reliance on, or interpretation of, the information contained in the videos.
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Clinical research, education and treatment for Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS), a group of inherited connective tissue disorders for which there is no cure, took a significant step forward with the establishment of the Ehlers-Danlos National Foundation Center for Clinical Care and Research at GBMC’s Harvey Institute for Human Genetics.

The Ehlers-Danlos National Foundation (EDNF) supports a virtual center at Greater Baltimore Medical Center (GBMC) under the direction of Clair Francomano, MD, GBMC’s Director of Adult Genetics. The Center provides comprehensive clinical care for patients, professional education for physicians, and develop research.

“To every patient, every time, we will provide the care that we would want for our own loved ones.”
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What is beta thalassemia? Beta thalassemia is a genetic disorder where there’s a deficiency in production of the β-globin chains of hemoglobin, which is the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells – or RBCs for short.

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Medical disclaimer: Knowledge Diffusion Inc (DBA Osmosis) does not provide medical advice. Osmosis and the content available on Osmosis’s properties (Osmosis.org, YouTube, and other channels) do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed health care provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.

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Learn about the diseases that can be spread by rats and mice, and how to help prevent them. For more information on Orkin, visit our website at http://www.orkin.com.

At Orkin, we never stop learning from bugs. We use the latest technology and unparalleled training so we can protect your home with an effective plan suited to your specific needs. Simply put, we have Pest Control Down to a Science®.

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